In 1921, Gregory described the GRV as a system of graben basins which included the valleys of the Red and Dead Seas in western Asia, as the Afro-Arabian rift system. Other lakes of the Great Rift Valley 1 Lake Mweru (5,120 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi) elevation 922 m) lies in the Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, which is a 2 Lake Mweru Wantipa (1,500 . For this type of valley I suggested the term Rift Valley, not implying that the whole valley was formed by the two sides being simply pulled apart, but as a breach due to a subsidence between two series of rents. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul and Lake Van. Hundred and ten camels and forty donkeys were needed to transport the material and three hundred soldiers were hired to protect the caravan. . A video and photos showing deep chasms opening in Kenyas Narok and Suswa Countyhave quickly gone viral on the internet. The Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee are two major lakes in Asia. Eight lakes make up the Kenya Rift Valley Lake system, two of which are freshwater and the rest alkaline. As these bulges form, they stretch and fracture the outer brittle crust into a series of normal faults forming the classic horst and graben structure of rift valleys (Figure 3). This region also includes Lake Elementaita, Mount Kipipiri and Lake Naivasha. Scholars recognize two branches of the GRV: the eastern halfwhich is that piece north of Lake Victoria that runs NE/SW and meets the Red Sea; and the western halfrunning nearly N/S from Victoria to the Zambezi river in Mozambique. Click to Enlarge. Carbonatite is an almost unique type of lava, composed of the minerals calcite and feldspar, a very unusual combination, as in most lava quartz is the dominant mineral. Formation Of Plains. [3] Lake Victoria, located between Uganda (southeast), Tanzania (northwest) and Kenya (southwest), is the second largest freshwater lake in the world after Lake Superior in the US and the largest in Africa. The East African Rift System stretches from the Red Sea to Mozambique. This version of the page will remain live for reference purposes as we work to update the content across our website. Gregory suggested that the faults (F), forming the characteristic elements in the section of the rift valley, were formed by vertical movements. Figure 3: "Textbook" horst and graben formation (left) compared with actual rift terrain (upper right) and topography (lower right). Examples of salt water lakes in Africa include Lake Magadi, Elementaita, Nakuru, Bogoria, Amboseli, Bangweulu, Chad, Eyasi and Natron. 2. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-is-the-rift-valley-172559. Analysis of the rift reported by German geologist Sascha Brune and colleagues in March 2019 (Corti et al. The lake lies mainly in Kenya's northern Rift Valley, covering an area of 6, 405 km and at 375 m above sea level. Eventually the crust thins to the point where oceanic-type basalts are erupted which is the signal that new ocean crust is being formed. Please note: This page has been archived and its content may no longer be up-to-date. ThoughtCo. When glaciers dominated most of Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene, the rift lake basins were havens for animals and plant life, including early hominins. From north to south, the names of these lakes are Lake Turkana, Lake Logipi, Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Elmenteita, Lake Naivasha, and Lake Magadi. The Rift Valley Lakes in Uganda; These are lakes found in the East African Rift Valley that runs through eastern Africa from Ethiopia in the north to country of Malawi in the south and includes the African Great Lakes in the south .And some of the world's oldest lake include the deepest lakes ,Largest lakes by area and Volume and many of them . Map of Ethiopia Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi rank as the largest lakes in Africa. Shared by Burundi, Democratic Republic Congo, Tanzania and Zambia, Lake Taganayika is the longest lake in the world (676km) and ranks as one of the deepest (1.5km deep). The rift valleys are formed due to the movement of the tectonic plates that are found in the earth and sometimes in the ocean, they pull apart from each other hence leading to the formation of this landscapes. This environmental pressure could have been the drive needed for our ancestors to become bipedal and more brainy as they attempted to adapt to these shifting climates (see Geotimes 2008 articles: Rocking the Cradle of Humanity by Beth Christensen and Mark Maslin, and Tectonic Hypotheses of Human Evolution by M. Royhan Gani and Nahid DS Gani). It covers an area of 130 square km at an elevation of 1,000 m. Lake Baringo is fed by several rivers but has no significant outlet. Yet further south the Nguruman Escarpment is around 50 kilometers long and elongated in N-W direction. The Rift Valley, located in Eastern Africa, covers just over 2% of the continent and spreads over seven countries (Map 5 and Table 29). Gregory described this discovery in an article published in the journal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1920 and in later books, where he coined also the modern term of Rift Valley and connected it to tectonic movements of the earth. Conserving The Physical Features Within The Locality. The eastern branch rifts first occurred 30 million years ago, the western 12.6 million years ago. Mosquito-borne viral diseases are becoming a major public and animal health challenge (Cooper et al., 2015; Wilder-Smith et al., 2017).Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease with veterinary and public health implications (Pepin et al., 2010; Nanyingi et al., 2015).The causative agent of the disease is the RVF virus (RVFV) of the genus Phlebovirus, family . Stretching from the Lebanon to Mozambique, Africa's Great Rift Valley is a 6,000-mile crack in the earth's crust, and much of it is to be found in Kenya, where it has literally cut the country in two. Hirst, K. Kris. The Rift Valley lakes are a series of lakes in the East African Rift valley that runs through eastern Africa from Ethiopia in the north to Malawi in the south and includes the African Great Lakes in the south. Before entering Kenya the valley splits into the Western or Central African rift and the Eastern Rift which stretches through Kenya. These are enormous fish compared to the more typical cichlids, an example of the way some fish can grow unrestrained when given unlimited food, space, and micro. Lake Kamnarok is another small lake. The East African Rift System however, is an excellent field laboratory to study a modern, actively developing rift system. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the general geology of these rifts are and highlight the geologic processes involved in their formation. The basaltic cliffs of the Rift Valley located northwest of Nairobi, Kenya hem in a classic East African landscape of open savannah studded with forest-clad mountains, valleys, volcanoes, rivers, grasslands and huge lakes, helping make the Great Rift Valley Africa's most biologically diverse region. The main lakes in Kenya's Great Rift Valley Lakes include Lake Magadi, Lake Victoria, Lake Nakuru and Lake Naivasha. Lake Edward was named after Prince Albert of England by Sir Samuel baker, the first European to see it in 1864. Ideally the dominant fractures created occur in a pattern consisting of three fractures or fracture zones radiating from a point with an angular separation of 120 degrees. it is found in central Uganda region in northwest of Lake Victoria. Alex Guth is currently a PhD candidate at Michigan Tech and is looking at the effects of climate on desert varnish on the exposed flows and alluvium in the East African Rift Valley. Mount Suswa is a shield volcano located between Narok and Nairobi. Lake Turkana Flamingos on Lake Turkana Lake Turkana is the northern most lake in the country, and it is one of the largest alkaline lakes in the world. The rift is a complex series of faultlines that runs from the Red Sea down into Mozambique. Thin section showing a sample of lava from Ol. These three lakes are in eastern Africa, nestled in and around what is known as Africas Great Rift Valley. The floor is broken by volcanoes, some still active, and contains a series of lakes. Notice how the width taken up by the trapezoidal areas undergoing normal faulting and horst and graben formation increases from top to bottom in the left panel. The Ethiopian Rift valley. The main valley is classed as a continental rift, extending from 12 degrees north to 15 degrees south of our planet's equator. In many areas, there have been repeated rifting events, including at least seven phases of rifting over the past 200 million years. 1 INTRODUCTION. From Addis to Debre Zeit (Bishoftu in Oromo) was 47 km following the A1 road. Research published last year suggests even that a surge in volcanic activity along the East African Rift System might have forced early humans out of Africa, altering the course of our evolution forever. The Great Lakes of East Africa. max. Lake Nakuru, lake in west-central Kenya. Both the Ethiopian and . Climate change, human activities and an active tectonic belt are to blame for this crisis, according to a new report. In March of 2018, a great crack measuring 50 feet wide and miles long opened up in the Suswa area of southwestern Kenya. In addition there are several well-defined but definitely smaller structures, called grabens, that have rift-like character and are clearly associated geologically with the major rifts. Primarily known for its many species of birds, including vast numbers of pink flamingos, Lake Nakuru also has waterbucks, impalas, and hippopotamuses. Norbert Heinrich . The Eastern African Rift Valley is a long valley flanked by uplifted shoulders that step down to the central rift by more or less parallel faults. Date posted: July 31, 2019. This was quite a revolutionary explanation at the time when most valleys were regarded as a result of erosion. Rift Valley - The Crack in the Planet's Crust in Eastern Africa. The dimensions of this feature, splitting apart an entire continent, surprised him. These two branches together have been termed the East African Rift (EAR), while parts of the Eastern branch have been variously termed the Kenya Rift or the Gregory Rift (after the geologist who first mapped it in the early 1900's). Before entering Kenya the valley splits into the Western or Central African rift and the Eastern Rift which stretches through Kenya. The sheer basaltic cliffs of the Rift Valley northwest of Nairobi hem in a classic East African landscape of open savannah studded with jagged volcanic outcrops and strung with beautiful lakes. Eventually, the rift will become deep enough to host a new ocean, separating Eastern Africa from the rest of the continent. It splits the Ethiopian Highlands in two, and contains the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes to the south of Ethiopia. Further to the South a series of rifts occur which include a Western branch, the "Lake Albert Rift" or "Albertine Rift" which contains the East African Great Lakes, and an Eastern branch that roughly bisects Kenya north-to-south on a line slightly west of Nairobi (Figure 2). At a total length of roughly 3,000 miles, the massive depression varies between 25 and 37 miles wide and plummets from 10 feet to an . It is believed that common magma stuck in the underground of the rift is slowly melting sedimentary rocks, forming the source of the carbonatite lava. The faults occurred in time from the Paleozoic to Quaternary eras, a time span of some 500 million years. March 1893 the new expedition, comprising this time just forty-one men, left Mombasa. John Jack Walter Gregory was born in London in 1864. Near lake Kivu, a killer lake formed by tectonic movements, the two most active and dangerous African volcanoes can be found, the Nyiragongo and the Nyamuragira. The Eastern Branch is characterized by greater volcanic activity while the Western Branch is characterized by much deeper basins that contain large lakes and lots of sediment (including Lakes Tanganyika, the 2nd deepest lake in the world, and Malawi). The trip from Addis to Shashamane through the lakes. See their mud and wood bomas and houses, their delightful dabs that are simply brilliant, and perhaps snag gifts for your loved ones that are produced by the Maasai people group. The colorful grains are calcite, the few grey grains are feldspar crystals. As mentioned in Part I, the rifting of East Africa is complicated by the fact that two branches have developed, one to the west which hosts the African Great Lakes (where the rift filled with water) and another nearly parallel rift about 600 kilometers to the east which nearly bisects Kenya north-to-south before entering Tanzania where it seems to die out (Figure 2). 8. This was for sure a major element in shaping earths crust. It was formed by ponding back of the kafu river. "Rift Valley - The Crack in the Planet's Crust in Eastern Africa." The valley is bordered by escarpments to the east and west. In addition, Lake Turkana is located on the Kenya-Ethiopian border further north and is described in a separate chapter in this volume. It was formed by volcanic activity in the region around 5 million years ago. In the 1970s, paleontologist Richard Leakey designated the East African Rift region as the "Cradle of Mankind," and there is no doubt that the earliest hominidsmembers of the Homo speciesarose within its boundaries. The eight lakes of the Kenyan section of the East African Rift Valley have been mentioned below. Even though it's not Rift Valley lake, I wanted to add Lake Tana to the list as it is an interesting place to visit in the region. These bulges can be easily seen as elevated highlands on any topographic map of the area (Figure 1). It is the eastern branch (much of Kenya and Ethiopia) where much of the paleontological work has identified hominids. In October 1892, Gregory was asked if he would join an expedition to East Africa to explore the area of modern Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. Gregory was first plagued by ulcers on the legs that immobilized him for weeks and in January 1893 he fell sick with malaria. Rifts are considered extensional features (continental plates are pulling apart) and so often display this type of structure. Some of these have been given names reflecting this such as the Nyanza Rift in Western Kenya near Lake Victoria. The lake increased its area from 3,269 hectares in January 2010 to a high of 5,400 hectares in October 2020,. These are Lake Turkana (The Jade Sea), Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elementaita, Naivasha and Lake Magadi. In the surrounding lake region, one finds elephants, gorillas, hippos and other wildlife in the Great Rift's mountains and valleys. Lake Bogoria and geyser - Image copyright Alex Guth. Eight lakes make up the Kenya Rift Valley Lake system, two of which are freshwater and the rest alkaline. Great Rift Valley is virtually splitting Africa continent from above. We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. [13] Other precious minerals like rubies and pink sapphires have been found and mined from areas around Lake Baringo. The point from which the three branches radiate is called a "triple junction" and is well illustrated in the Afar region of Ethiopia (Figure 4), where two branches are occupied by the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, and the third rift branch runs to the south through Ethiopia. First designated as the Great Rift Valley in the late 19th century and visible from space, the valley has also been a great source of hominid fossils, most famously in Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge. The National Parks of Kenya's Rift Valley, contain an excellent array of wildlife including both black and white rhino, buffalo, impala and leopard to name a few. Areas unshaded or covered by flood basalts represent normal continental crust. [9] Eight of these make up the main lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Image copyright Alex Guth. [3] But Gregory recognized also similarities between the geology of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley and proposed that these landscapes are connected. Western Rift Valley, (Africa), branch of the East African Rift System (q.v.). View our Cookie Policy. Many hominid fossil finds occur within the rift, and it is currently thought that the rift's evolution may have played an integral role in shaping our development. Lake Kivu (2.220 km) It is marked by the African Great Lakes and is currently the largest rift of the world. Venturing out into the open and dry savannah they adopted a bipedal locomotion and as their hands became free for the use of tools, slowly the brain evolved becoming larger and larger over time. After graduation Gregory found work at the British Museum for Natural History, where he worked on the collections of rocks and fossils. [1] It was formed on the "Kenyan Dome" a geographical upwelling created by the interactions of three major tectonics: the Arabian, Nubian, and Somalian plates. The lakesLake Turkana is located at the north of the eastern rift valley, with its northernmost tip stretching into Ethiopia. Subscribe Subscribe Login. are marked by broken lines, from GREGORY 1920. [5] It overlooks Lake Nakuru to the south. Most of the other lakes are shallow and poorly drained, and therefore have become alkaline. How many lakes are in Rift Valley? In African communities Clans are made up of people (Solved) In African communities Clans are made up of people A. from the same village B. with a common ancestor C. of the same age group D. who have a common leader. This lake lies mainly in Ethiopia but extends into Kenya in the rainy season. South of Paka are Mount Korosi, Lake Baringo and Lake Bogoria. Most of the Central African Rift Valley lakes are however found in the Western Rift. The Great Rift was discovered almost hundred years ago by an intrepid geologist. The Great Rift also hosts one of the strangest volcanoes on planet earth. This area was at the time still poorly known to Europeans and the origins of the mountains and valleys of the African continent were an unexplained geological mystery. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Doinyo Lengai volcano. Massive flocks of these birds have been found to have an effect on the lakeside sediments also. Some of the soils are Andisols, fertile soils from relatively recent volcanic activity. The large flocks of flamingoes for which the Kenyan lakes have become famous are found on the alkaline soda . High Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and Evidence for Endemic Circulation in Mbeya Region, Tanzania, in a Cross-Sectional Study. An interesting study on the genetics of frog species by Freilich and colleagues showed that the valley's micro-climates and topography are at least, in this case, a biogeographic barrier that resulted in the splitting of the species into two separate gene pools. showing the locations of Lamu Island, Witu, Mombasa, Lake Baringo and Mount Kenya, all visited by Gregory in 1892 and 1893, plus an outline of the Rift Valley, from GREGORY 1896. This depression extends for more than 3,000 miles, beginning . [10] East African Rift Valley, Kenya ISS 2012 She assists Dr. Wood with the geology field camp. . The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south. Click to Enlarge. Baringo scarps: This image shows several fault scarps that are progressively farther away. Lake Tana is a shallow lake with a maximum depth of around 49 feet (15 meters). Igneous provinces of the Great Rift Valley. Whatever the cause, it is clear that we have two rifts that are separated enough to justify giving them different names, but near enough to suggest that they are genetically related. Twisting down the two arms of the Great Rift Valley the Eastern Rift Valley and Western (or Albertine) Rift Valley one finds some of the oldest, largest and deepest lakes in the world. Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes.With a surface area of approximately 59,947 km 2 (23,146 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. Situated between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania, Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa), hosts the richest freshwater fauna in the world - about 14% of the world's freshwater fish species, 99% of which are found only in this lake. The rift is a complex series of faultlines that runs from the Red Sea down into Mozambique. It produces about 250,000 metric tonnes per year. Hirst, K. Kris. Most of these lakes are among the largest, oldest, and deepest lakes on the planet today. These include the 3 largest lakes in Africa -. Maybe the rift formed an ideal landscape for our ancestors or, in contrast, as the rift slowly widened, forming a barrier for moisture from the Indian ocean, it forced our early ancestors to leave the dying pluvial forests. The Rift Valley lakes are a series of lakes in the East African Rift valley that runs through eastern Africa from Ethiopia in the north to Malawi in the south, and includes the African Great Lakes in the south. Albert is the last lake in the rift valley as you head north wards; it is an elongated rift valley lake deepest among the rest rift valley lakes in Uganda, with approximately 613m deep, and it is ranked 7 th largest in Africa. [10], Lake Turkana, at the northern end of the rift, is 250 kilometres (160mi) long, between 15 kilometres (9.3mi) and 30 kilometres (19mi) wide and is 125 metres (410ft) at its greatest depth. By this time the men were accustomed to my going by myself, for I did so whenever the country was safe and the next camping-place easy to find. They have waters that are rich in blue-green algae, which feed insect larvae, small crustaceans and lesser flamingos. It is also a great example of how many natural systems can be intertwined - this unique geological setting may have altered the local climate which may have in turn caused our ancestors to develop the skills necessary to walk upright, develop culture and ponder how such a rift came to be. (2020, August 28). The East African rift system is marked by substantial volcanic activity, including lavas erupted from fissures along the rift in the region. Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf) Lake Turkana is a lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley covering 6,405 km 2 (2,473 sq miles) and shared by Kenya and Ethiopia. Further south the Mau Escarpment is a steep natural cliff approximately 1,000m (3,300ft) high, running along the western edge of the Great Rift Valley about Lake Naivasha. However, all the rifting in East Africa is not confined to the Horn of Africa; there is a lot of rifting activity further south as well, extending into Kenya and Tanzania and Great Lakes region of Africa. Rift Valley Lakes. Click to Enlarge. the geology was so tempting that I went off alone. Click to Enlarge. The Great Rift Valley separates the grass plains of East Africa from the tropical rainforests of Western Central Africa. Ethiopia is home to over 20 lakes, most of which are a result of the Great African Rift Valley which extends from Jordan all the way down to Mozambique in Southern Africa. "Rift Valley - The Crack in the Planet's Crust in Eastern Africa." The depth of the valley varies across eastern Africa, but for most of its length it is more than 1 km (3280 feet) deep and at its deepest, in Ethiopia, it is over 3 km (9,800 ft) deep. [12], Trona, an evaporative mineral, used for sodium carbonate production, has been mined at Lake Magadi for nearly 100 years. [7] Mount Longonot is a dormant stratovolcano located southeast of Lake Naivasha. The great lakes of eastern African are home to some of the largest and most ecologically diverse freshwater systems in the world, supporting millions of people with drinking water, food and livelihoods. This area is part of the Great Rift Valley, where Africa is slowly pushed and pulled apart by uprising material in earth's mantle. The Hell's Gate National Park lies south of Lake Naivasha. Figure 1: Colored Digital Elevation Model showing tectonic plate boundaries, outlines of the elevation highs demonstrating the thermal bulges and large lakes of East Africa. These eruptions are considered by some geologists to be "flood basalts" - the lava is erupted along fractures (rather than at individual volcanoes) and runs over the land in sheets like water during a flood. One tear in the earth, stretchingseveral miles, is reportedly fifty feet deep and sixty feet wide. Large mammals are less prolific than in the likes of the Masai Mara or Amboseli, but the area is renowned for its prolific birdlife. Lakes Formed As A Result Of Down Warping. The Suguta Valley, or Suguta Mud Flats, is an arid part of the Great Rift Valley directly south of Lake Turkana. Examples of lakes formed through faulting are: L. Bogoria, L. Baringo, L. Magadi, L. Nakuru, L. Naivasha, L. Turkana and L. Elementaita in Kenya. It is one of the saline lakes of the lake system lying in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. When it rains on the The Great Rift Valley Kenya escarpments and on the surrounding highlands, water runs down rivers and streams to the lake basins. Strong rainfalls have washed the material filling the faults away. The relics of many hominids, ancestors of humans, have been found here.[4]. In geological terms, a "rift" is an area of Earth where the planet's crust is separating from the mantle beneath. Lakes and the Rift Valley Some lakes are found outside the Rift Valley while others are found within the Rift Valley. The tectonic movements and faults are also associated with volcanic activity. From left to right they are Lake Upemba, Lake Mweru, Lake Tanganyika (largest), and Lake Rukwa. Entertainment & Pop Culture; Geography & Travel; Health & Medicine; Lifestyles & Social Issues . The Lake Turkana basin in the rift region is known as the "Cradle of Mankind" and has been a source of hominid fossils since the 1970s. It is the 2nd largest lake in Africa after Lake Victoria. A 2019 paper suggests that the Kenyan and Ethiopian rifts are evolving into one single oblique rift. Sketch by John Walter Gregory from his expedition to East Africa in 1892-3. and Tanzania, Lake Malawi is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system and is the third-largest in Africa. Lake Victoria flows through lake kyoga to lake albert and makes the albert Nile. Lake Baringo. 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Field camp, and Lake Bogoria immobilized him for weeks and in January 2010 to a ocean... Iss 2012 She assists Dr. Wood with the geology was so tempting that I went off alone what is as! Apart ) and so often display this type of structure yet further south Nguruman. And poorly drained, and contains the Ethiopian Highlands in two, and Lake.... Faults occurred in time from the Red Sea to Mozambique from Addis to Debre Zeit Bishoftu. Was so tempting that I went off alone Nyanza Rift in the around... Q.V. ) for Endemic Circulation in Mbeya region, Tanzania, in a Cross-Sectional.. Be up-to-date colorful grains are feldspar crystals ( largest ), Baringo, Bogoria,,... Laboratory to study a modern, actively developing Rift system Elementaita, Mount Kipipiri and Lake.... [ 7 ] Mount Longonot is a shallow Lake with a maximum depth of around 49 feet ( 15 )...
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