[174] Sherman rejected this, arguing that it would have delayed the "successful end" of the war and the "[liberation of] all slaves". I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. [261], In 1886, after the publication of Grant's memoirs, Sherman produced a "second edition, revised and corrected" of his own memoirs. According to Lewis's account, which was repeated by later authors, Sherman was baptized in the Ewing home by a Dominican priest who found the pagan name "Tecumseh" unsuitable and instead named the child "William" after the saint on whose feast day the baptism took place. [159], Following Lee's surrender and the assassination of Lincoln, Sherman met with Johnston on April 17, 1865, at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina, to negotiate a Confederate surrender. The massive Confederate attack on the morning of April 6, 1862, took most of the senior Union commanders by surprise. Sheridan used hard-war tactics similar to those he and Sherman had employed in the Civil War. American historian Wesley Moody has argued that these commentators tended to filter Sherman's actions and his hard-war strategy through their own ideas about modern warfare, thereby contributing to the exaggeration of his "atrocities" and unintentionally feeding into the negative assessment of Sherman's moral character associated with the "Lost Cause" school of Southern historiography. [304] Sherman is represented astride his horse Ontario and led by a winged female figure of Victory. [185], Towards the end of the Civil War, some elements within the Republican Party regarded Sherman as being strongly prejudiced against black people. When the bank failed during the Panic of 1857, he closed the New York branch. ", Sherman to Grant, February 15, 1862, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 4:216n, Sherman to Grant, December 28, 1866, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 16:422. Maria Ewing Sherman (1851-1913) 2. [199], Like Grant and Lincoln, Sherman was convinced that the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological ability to wage further war needed to be crushed if the fighting were to end. [95][96] In July, Grant's situation improved when Halleck left for the East to become general-in-chief. [166][167][168] Before the war, Sherman expressed some sympathy with the view of Southern whites that the black race was benefiting from slavery, although he opposed breaking up slave families and advocated that laws forbidding the education of slaves be repealed. William Tecumseh Sherman (WTS) was born in Lancaster, Fairfield County, OH, and he died in New York City, NY. Some of the most recently added connections of famous kin for General William Tecumseh Sherman Rainn Wilson TV and Movie Actor 6th cousin 6 times removed via Matthew Marvin [109] During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the "army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic". The influential 20th-century British military historian and theorist B.H. Liddell Hart ranked Sherman as "the first modern general" and one of the most important strategists in the annals of war, along with Scipio Africanus, Belisarius, Napoleon Bonaparte, T.E. Lawrence, and Erwin Rommel. Sherman conducted the ensuing Jackson Expedition, which concluded successfully on July 25 with the re-capture of the city of Jackson. Indeed, he had written to his wife that if he took more precautions "they'd call me crazy again". He was stationed in Kentucky, where his pessimism about the outlook of the war led to a breakdown that required him to be briefly put on leave. Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival, and it is probable he would not meet the Secretary [Stanton] with more courtesy than he met us. I am not and cannot be. [305] Arlington National Cemetery features a smaller version of Saint-Gaudens's statue of Victory. He voiced this view in remarks to a joint session of the Texas legislature in 1875, although the U.S. Army under Sherman's command never conducted its own program of bison extermination. [270] Former U.S. president and Civil War veteran Rutherford B. Hayes, who attended both ceremonies, said at the time that Sherman had been "the most interesting and original character in the world. [7] Liddell Hart's views on the historical significance of Sherman have since been discussed and, to varying extents, defended by subsequent military scholars such as Jay Luvaas,[192] Victor Davis Hanson,[193] and Brian Holden-Reid. [91], With a heavy rain coming down [at the end of the first day of fighting at Shiloh, Sherman] came upon Grant standing under a large oak tree, his cigar glowing in the darkness. The only general engagement during Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas, the Battle of Bentonville, took place on March 1921, 1865. His father, a lawyer and jurist, died when he was nine and the children were parceled out to relatives and friends. George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 1516). He never commanded in a major Union victory and his military career had repeated ups and downs, but William Tecumseh Sherman is the second best known of Northern commanders. [6] British military theorist and historian B.H. Liddell Hart declared that Sherman was "the first modern general".[7][8]. Thousands of refugees, both black and white, joined Sherman's columns, which on February 20 finally withdrew towards Canton. [16] Sherman had already been baptized as an infant by a Presbyterian minister[17][18] and recent biographers believe, contrary to Lewis's claims, that he was probably given the first name "William" at that time. [21] His friends and family called him "Cump".[22]. Sherman proved instrumental to mounting the successful Union counterattack of the following day, April 7, 1862. This letter was to James E. Yeatman, May 21, 1865, and is excerpted more extensively (and with slight variations) in Bowman and Irwin. [54][b] Later in 1858, he moved to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he worked as the office manager of the law firm established by his brothers-in-law Hugh Ewing and Thomas Ewing Jr. Sherman obtained a license to practice law, despite not having studied for the bar, but he met with little success as a lawyer. [37][38], At John Augustus Sutter Jr.s request, Sherman assisted Capt. National Archives. [148][149] His army proceeded north through South Carolina against light resistance from the troops of Confederate general Johnston. [100], In December, Sherman's forces suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, just north of Vicksburg. In February 1864, he commanded an expedition to Meridian, Mississippi, intended to disrupt Confederate infrastructure and communications. [162] This precipitated a deep and long-lasting enmity between Sherman and Stanton, and it intensified Sherman's disdain for politicians. [84] In his private correspondence, Sherman later wrote that the concerns of command "broke me down" and admitted to having contemplated suicide. After the marriage of their son Charles R. Sherman to Mary Hoyt, they . His foster mother, Maria Ewing, was devoutly Catholic and raised her own children in that faith. "[215][216][217] Sherman himself stated that "[i]f I had made up my mind to burn Columbia I would have burnt it with no more feeling than I would a common prairie dog village; but I did not do it"[218] Sherman's official report on the burning placed the blame on Confederate lieutenant general Wade Hampton, who Sherman said had ordered the burning of cotton in the streets. [45][46] He resigned his commission in 1853 and entered civilian life as manager of the San Francisco branch of the Bank of Lucas, Turner & Co., whose corporate headquarters were in St. Louis. [158] After returning to Goldsboro, Sherman marched with his troops to the state capital, Raleigh, where Sherman sought to communicate with Johnston's army regarding possible terms for ending the war. [86], By mid-December 1861 Sherman had recovered sufficiently to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 12 December 1828, in Columbia, New York, United States, his father, Roger Stevens Sherman, was 32 and his mother, Orilla Moses, was 34. Sherman was one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself in the field and historian Donald L. Miller has characterized Sherman's performance at Bull Run as "exemplary". Sherman survived two shipwrecks and floated through the Golden Gate on the overturned hull of a foundering lumber schooner. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 21 August 1874, in St Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, his father, Daniel M Sherman, was 55 and his mother, Mary Ann Post, was 24. [138], After November elections, Sherman began marching on November 15 with 62,000 men in the direction of the port city of Savannah, Georgia,[139] living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100million in property damage. Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes, Sherman spoke out against speculators and government agents who abused the Native Americans living within the reservations. . [163], Grant then offered Johnston purely military terms, similar to those that he had negotiated with Lee at Appomattox. Schofield. descendants of West and Central Africans enslaved in the lower Atlantic states from North Carolina to Florida. [225] On July 25, 1866, the U.S. Congress created the new rank of General of the Army for Grant, while also promoting Sherman to Grant's previous rank of lieutenant general. President Zachary Taylor, vice president Millard Fillmore and other political luminaries attended the wedding. "[219] Historian James M. McPherson has concluded that: The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportionsincluding the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia, leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets (some of them burning) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia; a majority of Union soldiers, including the general himself, worked through the night to put out the fires. [295], The influential literary critic Edmund Wilson found in Sherman's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an "appetite for warfare" that "grows as it feeds on the South". Republican Governor Daniel Henry Chamberlain appealed to President Grant for military assistance. "[50], The failure of Page, Bacon & Co. triggered a panic surrounding the "Black Friday" of February 23, 1855, leading to the closure of several of San Francisco's principal banks and many other businesses. [229] He was successful in negotiating other treaties, such as the removal of Navajos from the Bosque Redondo to traditional lands in Western New Mexico. Liddell Hart. [272], Sherman's birth family was Presbyterian and he was originally baptized as such. Sherman to Grant, May 28, 1867, quoted in Fellman, Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy, campaign to capture the city of Vicksburg, Commanding General of the United States Army, General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument, "An Unspoken Address to the Loyal Legion", List of American Civil War generals (Union), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Madness, Genius, & Sherman's Ruthless March", "Survey Report: Raised Streets & Hollow Sidewalks, Sacramento, California", "Family Trees of the Interconnected Sherman and Ewing Families", "Department of Military Science: Unit History", "15th Regiment Cavalry Pennsylvania Volunteers: The Fifteenth at General Joe Johnston's Surrender", "Minutes of an interview between the colored ministers and church officers at Savannah with the Secretary of War and Major-Gen. Sherman", "Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi: Special Field Orders, No. [132] The capture of Atlanta made Sherman a household name and was decisive in ensuring Lincoln's re-election in November. Critical press reports about Sherman began to appear after the U.S. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, visited Louisville in October 1861. Born in Ohio into a politically prominent family, Sherman graduated in 1840 from the United States Military Academy at West Point. 100% Safe Payment. [308], Other posthumous tributes include Sherman Circle in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington, D.C.,[309] the M4 Sherman tank, which was named by the British during World War II,[310] and the "General Sherman" Giant Sequoia tree, which is the most massive documented single-trunk tree in the world. [296] Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that "war is cruelty and you cannot refine it" in both the book Wilson's Ghost[297] and in his interview for the documentary film The Fog of War (2003). On the other hand, he was adamantly opposed to the secession of the southern states. War is a terrible thing! William Tecumseh Sherman, c. 1860-65. [134], During September and October, Sherman and Hood played a cat-and-mouse game in northern Georgia and Alabama, as Hood threatened Sherman's communications to the north. [9] He recovered by forging a close partnership with General Ulysses S. Grant. [255], Sherman lived most of the rest of his life in New York City. According to Sherman's biographer Robert O'Connell, "Shiloh marked the turning point of his life. "[271] He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. [57] Colonel Joseph P. Taylor, brother of the late President Zachary Taylor, declared that "if you had hunted the whole Army, from one end of it to the other, you could not have found a man in it more admirably suited for the position in every respect than Sherman."[58]. [69][70], After the April 1213 bombardment of Fort Sumter and its subsequent capture by the Confederacy, Sherman hesitated about committing to military service. W. T. Sherman (1887)[285], In the years immediately after the war, Sherman was popular in the North and well regarded by his own soldiers. (Person) Language of Materials English. You are bound to fail. [28], While many of his colleagues saw action in the MexicanAmerican War, Sherman was assigned to administrative duties in the captured territory of California. North Carolina, unlike its southern neighbor, was regarded by the Union troops as a reluctant Confederate state,[153] having been second from last to secede from the Union, ahead only of Tennessee. Along with fellow Lieutenants Henry Halleck and Edward Ord, Sherman embarked from New York City on the 198-day journey around Cape Horn, aboard the converted sloop USS Lexington. William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general during the Civil War, playing a crucial role in the victory over the Confederate States and becoming one of the most famous military leaders in U.S.. The Life of William Tecumseh. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 3 daughters. His fears of a financial failure like that of his father eroded his will and convinced him that he could not remain in the military. [133] According to Holden-Reid, "Sherman did more than any other man apart from the president in creating [the] climate of opinion" that afforded Lincoln a comfortable victory over McClellan at the polls. By Himself, published by D. Appleton & Company in two volumes, began with the year 1846 (when the Mexican War began) and ended with a chapter about the "military lessons of the [civil] war". Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah campaign or simply Sherman's March) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by William Tecumseh Sherman, major general of the Union Army.The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the . The Congressional Evolution of the United States Henry Middleton Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. [188][189][190] In that essay, Sherman called upon the South to "let the negro vote, and count his vote honestly", adding that "otherwise, so sure as there is a God in Heaven, you will have another war, more cruel than the last, when the torch and dagger will take the place of the muskets of well-ordered battalions". For further details about Sherman's banking career, see Dwight L. Clarke. [121], The Meridian campaign marked the end of Sherman's brief tenure as commander of the Army of the Tennessee. The North can make a steam engine, locomotive, or railway car; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make. [150], Sherman captured Columbia, the state capital, on February 17, 1865. William Tecumseh Sherman, (born February 8, 1820, Lancaster, Ohio, U.S.died February 14, 1891, New York, New York), American Civil War general and a major architect of modern warfare. [127] In July, the cautious Johnston was replaced by the more aggressive John Bell Hood, who played to Sherman's strength by challenging him to direct battles on open ground. William T. Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, on Feb. 8, 1820. People Projects Discussions Surnames [90] His first major test under Grant was at the Battle of Shiloh. Sherman's nine-year-old son, Willie, the "Little Sergeant", died from typhoid fever contracted during the trip. Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them? After his father's death, the nine-year-old Sherman was raised by a Lancaster neighbor and family friend, attorney Thomas Ewing. [173] Sherman's views on race evolved significantly over time. Sherman was re-baptized as a Catholic, but Maria's husband, Senator Thomas Ewing, insisted that the young Sherman not be compelled to practice Catholicism. Johnston, ignoring instructions from President Davis, accepted those terms on April 26, 1865, formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. [a] According to Sherman's Memoirs, he was named "William Tecumseh", his father having "caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees, 'Tecumseh'". [160], Sherman believed that the terms that he had agreed to were consistent with the views that Lincoln had expressed at City Point, and that they offered the best way to prevent Johnston from ordering his men to go into the wilderness and conduct a destructive guerrilla campaign. On November 25, Sherman took his assigned target of Billy Goat Hill at the north end of the ridge, only to find that it was separated from the main spine by a rock-strewn ravine. [81][82] He was promptly replaced by Don Carlos Buell and transferred to St. Louis. He was born in Lancaster, Ohio as William Tecumseh Sherman into a family of eleven. [93] At Shiloh, Sherman was wounded twicein the hand and shoulderand had three horses shot out from under him. Sherman, however, succeeded in keeping his own bank solvent. According to Holden-Reid, Sherman finally "had cut his teeth as an army commander" with the Jackson Expedition. In early November, Sherman asked to be relieved of his command. [c] He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington about shortages, while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces and requesting inordinate numbers of reinforcements. [142] Sherman then dispatched a message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present.[143][e]. Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30, Sherman persuaded Grant not to resign from his command, despite the serious difficulties he was having with Halleck. [85] His problems were compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as "insane". In one amusing change to his text, Sherman dropped the assertion that, A "third edition, revised and corrected" of Sherman's memoirs was put out in 1890 by, According to Victor Davis Hanson, "In the eyes of Lewis and Liddell Hart, Sherman was a great man, who is judged on what he did and not on what he wrote: he saved lives and shortened the war; and he used military science to teach his nation what war is ultimately for. Afterwards the rank of Commander, Military Division of the Mississippi, 1864-1866; Commander, Military Division of the Missouri, 1866-1869. They are a peaceable people but an earnest people, and they will fight, too. [196][197][f] Another World War II-era student of Liddell Hart's writings on Sherman was General George S. Patton,[198] who "spent a long vacation studying Sherman's campaigns on the ground in Georgia and the Carolinas, with the aid of [Liddell Hart's] book" and later "carried out his [bold] plans, in super-Sherman style". Birthdate: September 05, 1855. After the death of John A. Rawlins, Sherman also served for one month as acting Secretary of War. [245], In 1875, ten years after the end of the Civil War, Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish his memoirs. The first edition was published in 1875 by Henry S. King & Co., of London, and by Appleton in New York. Sherman took command of the infantrymen in the local Union garrison and successfully repelled the Confederate attack. [311], This is actually a re-printing of the second, revised edition of 1889, published by D. Appleton & Company, of New York City. [225] To escape from these difficulties, Sherman moved his headquarters to St. Louis in 1874. He had at least 2 daughters with Elizabeth Bell Dyer. "Yes," Grant replied, puffing on his cigar. William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891), American soldier, was a Union general during the Civil War. Sherman was distantly related to US founding father Roger Sherman. His father, Charles Robert Sherman, a lawyer who was a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court,[11] died unexpectedly of typhoid fever in 1829. Eventually, Sherman won approval from his superiors for a plan to cut loose from his communications and march south, having advised Grant that he could "make Georgia howl". [103] Grant, who was on poor terms with McClernand, regarded this as a politically motivated distraction from the efforts to take Vicksburg, but Sherman had targeted Arkansas Post independently and considered the operation worthwhile. [48][49] Late in life, Sherman said of his time in a San Francisco gripped by the frenzy of real estate speculation: "I can handle a hundred thousand men in battle, and take the City of the Sun, but am afraid to manage a lot in the swamp of San Francisco. "Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." McPherson. [262] However, Sherman did include the views of some others in the appendices to the new edition.[j][k]. [237][238] Sherman encouraged bison hunting by private citizens and, when Congress passed a law in 1874 to protect the bison from over-hunting, Sherman helped convince President Grant to use a pocket veto to prevent it from coming into force. Therefore, he believed that the North had to conduct its campaign as a war of conquest, employing scorched earth tactics to break the backbone of the rebellion. [212] This made repairs extremely difficult at a time when the Confederacy lacked both iron and heavy machinery.[213]. In 1850 Sherman married one of the Ewing daughters, Ellen. [247][i] Grant, who was president when Sherman's memoirs appeared, later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but "when I finished the book, I found I approved every word; that it was a true book, an honorable book, creditable to Sherman, just to his companionsto myself particularly sojust such a book as I expected Sherman would write."[250]. Sherman". For the most part, Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that "I disclaim the character of historian, but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history" and "any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of [the] facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested". [206], The damage done by Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property. In his memoirs, Sherman would later write that he saw that new assignment as breaking a promise by President Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent leadership position. [51][52] In 1856, during the vigilante period, he served briefly as a major general of the California militia. In 1864, she took up temporary residence in South Bend, Indiana in order to have her young family educated at the University of Notre Dame and St. Mary's College, both Catholic institutions. Sherman commanded a brigade of volunteers at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 before being transferred to the Western Theater. [43], Sherman was appointed as captain in the Army's Commissary Department on September 27, 1850, with offices in St. Louis, Missouri. The Sherman's were well educated and highly cultured by Lancaster standards at this time. [274], Sherman wrote to his wife in 1842: "I believe in good works rather than faith. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. [87] Operating from Paducah, Kentucky, he provided logistical support for the operations of Grant to capture Fort Donelson in February 1862. [225] Sherman also clashed with Eastern humanitarians who were critical of the army's harsh treatment of the Indians and who had apparently found an ally in President Grant. [112], After the surrender of Vicksburg and the re-capture of Jackson, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army, in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers. He was the son of lawyer Charles R. Sherman and Mary Hoyt both originally of Norwalk, CT. . (Microfilm Edition) University of Notre Dame Descriptive information at http://archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/html/shr.htm William Tecumseh Sherman (1820 -1891) was one of the most prominent of the Union's Civil War generals and for many years thereafter Commanding General of the Army. [56] Sherman was an effective and popular leader of the institution, which would later become Louisiana State University. Yes, '' Grant replied, puffing on his cigar S. Grant Sherman... Death of John A. Rawlins, Sherman lived most of the institution, which on February finally! This made repairs extremely difficult at a time when the bank failed during the trip Sergeant,! 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