In Uganda, religious roles for cross-dressing men (homosexual priests) were historically found among the Bunyoro people. Law regarding same-sex sexual activity. [245], In the United States, the FBI reported that 20.4% of hate crimes reported to law enforcement in 2011 were based on sexual orientation bias. This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 05:29. There are 54 countries in Africa. Scott Long, A. Widney Brown, Gail Cooper. To understand the phenomenon and meaning of homosexuality in the black community, it is necessary to begin from the original spiritual beliefs of "African" people. Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson was published in 1723 in England, and is presumed by some modern scholars to be a novel. [39] Many of the prominent artists who defined the Renaissance such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci are believed to have had relationships with men. Church leaders in most African countries are against homosexuality, Africanews has reported. At this age, they may not trust or ask for help from others, especially when their orientation is not accepted in society. Biological vs. environmental determinants, Laws against sexual orientation discrimination. Homosexuality and same-sex relations have been documented among various modern-day South African groups. This perspective is incomplete because sexual orientation is always defined in relational terms and necessarily involves relationships with other individuals. [141], A survey by the U.K. Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 2010 found that 95% of Britons identified as heterosexual, 1.5% of Britons identified themselves as homosexual or bisexual, and the last 3.5% gave more vague answers such as "don't know", "other", or did not respond to the question. [20] The following Song dynasty was the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions of the emperors in official documents. [16], Egyptologists and historians disagree about how to interpret the paintings of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep. [109] News reports indicated his government intended to execute all homosexuals in the country. [53] The adoption law has since been replaced by the Children's Act, 2005, which allows adoption by spouses and by "partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership" regardless of orientation. LGBT history dates back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations, involving the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender peoples and cultures around the world.What survives after many centuries of persecutionresulting in shame, suppression, and secrecyhas only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream . Although early writers also used the adjective homosexual to refer to any single-sex context (such as an all-girls school), today the term is used exclusively in reference to sexual attraction, activity, and orientation. It is not uncommon that sexual minorities are harassed or even prosecuted in African countries. And no Ancient Egyptian document mentions that homosexual acts were set under penalty. [4] Scientists do not yet know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences[6][7][8] and do not view it as a choice. The formal practice, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a free adult male and a free adolescent, was valued for its pedagogic benefits and as a means of population control, though occasionally blamed for causing disorder. This same-sex love culture gave rise to strong traditions of painting and literature documenting and celebrating such relationships. Strictly speaking, this judgment only applied to the crime of sodomy and not to the other laws criminalising sex between men, and it was also only binding precedent within the area of jurisdiction of the Cape court. indirect discrimination, hate speech), Anti-discrimination laws concerning gender identity, Recognition of same-sex couples as de facto couples, Recognition of same-sex couples as civil partnerships, LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military, Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth, Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples, Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures, This page was last edited on 10 November 2022, at 03:06. ", "Pointing the Finger at Androgen as a Cause of Homosexuality", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Homosexuality, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&oldid=1116950196. More than half of these are former British colonies where colonial administrators introduced laws prohibiting "unnatural acts". [255], This article is about homosexuality in humans. ", "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association", "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society", "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees", "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children", "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective", "Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association", "Census 2010: One-Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children", "(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter? [66] These became the standard terms when used by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his Psychopathia Sexualis (1886). [191] Evidence indicates that the liberalization of these attitudes over the 1990s through the 2010s is associated with a decrease in such mental health risks among younger LGBT people.[192]. [254] According to Bailey et al., humans and domestic sheep are the only animals conclusively proven to exhibit a homosexual orientation. The five 1892 cases all involved black Africans. On 1 December 2005, in the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, the Constitutional Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to deny same-sex couples the ability to marry, and gave Parliament one year in which to rectify the situation. Even though gay male sex was illegal for all ages, section 14 of the Immorality Act 23 of 1957, as inserted by the Immorality Amendment Act 57 of 1969, set the age of consent for gay male sex at 19, as opposed to 16 for straight sex. To some[who?] [26][27] The first known appearance of homosexual in print is found in an 1868 letter to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs by the Austrian-born novelist Karl-Maria Kertbeny. [128] The International HIV/AIDS Alliance estimates that worldwide between 3 and 16% of men have had some form of sex with another man at least once during lifetime. 4365 APA California Amicus Brief As Filed", "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science", Psychological Science in the Public Interest, "Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality", "Divergent beliefs about the nature of homosexuality", "Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts", "Psychological practices that attempt to change sexual orientation: Position statement", Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality, "Same-sex Behavior Seen in Nearly All Animals, Review Finds", "Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity", "Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemination of the Term", "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ", "Lesbian | Define Lesbian at Dictionary.com", "Queer Things from Old Closets: Libraries Gay and Lesbian Studies Queer Theory", Association of College and Research Libraries, "How 'gay' became children's insult of choice", "GLAAD Media Reference Guide Terms To Avoid", "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories", "The End to the Death Penalty for "Sodomy" in Canada The Drummer's Revenge", "Trudeau: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation', "LGBTQ+ Travel Safety 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)", Census statistics show quarter of California same-sex couples raising kids, Region Saw Increase In Same-Sex Households, Census 2010: One Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children, Minnesota Sees 50% Rise in Number of Gay Couples, Census:Dutchess, Ulster Gay Households Increase, Same Sex Couples' Numbers Soar In N.Y, 2010 Census Finds, 87% Increase in Same-Sex Nevada Households Since 2000, 2010 Census indicates increase among same-sex homeowners in Oklahoma, Spike In Number of City's Same-Sex Couples, "The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias", "The five most improved places for gay tolerance", "7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts", "Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran", "Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale", "Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time", "Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation", "Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment", "Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships", "Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria", "Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel", "Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries", "Gay and Lesbian Families in the United States: Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Households", "How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender? References Those countries with United Methodists in Africa where homosexuality is illegal include Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gambia, Liberia, Nigeria, Malawi, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. However, there is substantial evidence for a genetic basis of homosexuality, especially in males, based on twin studies; some association with regions of Chromosome 8, the Xq28 locus on the X chromosome, and other sites across many chromosomes. Academic works usually specify which words will be used and in which context. Western liberals eager to see the best in Africa must face an inconvenient truth: this is the most homophobic continent on Earth. [54], In 1997, artificial insemination, which was previously limited to married women, was made legal for single women including lesbians. During the Renaissance, wealthy cities in northern ItalyFlorence and Venice in particularwere renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along with the classical pattern of Greece and Rome. Punishment can include the death penalty. [16], Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents. 55, No. Swidler (I1993) concurs with Parrinder (I1980) and suggests that it is the condemnation of homosexuality that is unAfrican. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in ancient Egypt the nose-on-nose touching normally represented a kiss. (July 2006). [107] One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the gala wiped off his ass [he said], 'I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna]. [24] The treatment of gay and lesbian soldiers in the South African military was explored in a 2003 documentary film, titled Property of the State. Somizi and Mohale's wedding special breaks streaming record", "Somizi and Mohale share why they did the wedding special", "Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God', "The Freethinker - The voice of atheism since 1881 Whoo-hoo! The riot began on Friday, June 27, 1969, during a routine police raid, when trans women and men, gay men, lesbians, street queens, and other street people fought back in the spirit of the civil rights movements of the era. [123] This is often described as an internal coming out. May 21, 1969 -Mar 4, 1988. 20) Act. [111][112] In 2015, in defiance of western criticism Jammeh intensified his anti-gay rhetoric, telling a crowd during an agricultural tour: "If you do it [in the Gambia] I will slit your throatif you are a man and want to marry another man in this country and we catch you, no one will ever set eyes on you again, and no white person can do anything about it. Gender-nonconforming and homosexuality has been reported in a number of East African societies. The narrators of many of her poems speak of infatuations and love (sometimes requited, sometimes not) for various females, but descriptions of physical acts between women are few and subject to debate. George Siggins [95] 21 August 1817. [177] A 2005 review by Charlotte J. Patterson for the American Psychological Association found that the available data did not suggest higher rates of homosexuality among the children of lesbian or gay parents. ", "Cyril Ramaphosa has included lesbian and gay people in his presidential inauguration speech. [60], It remains unclear what exact view the Ancient Egyptians fostered about homosexuality. [22][23] In later Ming Dynasty, homosexuality began to be referred to as the "southern custom" due to the fact that Fujian was the site of a unique system of male marriages, attested to by the scholar-bureaucrat Shen Defu and the writer Li Yu, and mythologized by in the folk tale, The Leveret Spirit. With the expansion of LGBTQ+ rights often tied to international development aid, African leaders can also gain points with voters by appearing to defy the West with a strong stance against homosexuality, points out Malawian researcher Msosa. [112], A large survey released by Afrobarometer in 2016 suggested South Africa had the second-most tolerant views towards gay neighbours in Africa, after Cape Verde, with 67% of those surveyed reporting that they would either "strongly like, somewhat like or not care" if they lived next to a same-sex couple. Many homosexual individuals went into heterosexual marriages to maintain appearances, and many joined the (unmarried) Catholic clergy to escape public scrutiny of their lack of interest in the opposite sex. [note 1] There have been many highly-publicized acts of homophobia in United States, including: Nevertheless, most scholarship and research demonstrates that homosexuality has long been a part of various African cultures.[6][7][8][9]. The terms are seen as problematic by some, however, because they "obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior". Through the medieval period, homosexuality was generally condemned and thought to be the moral of the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. There was no age of consent for lesbian sex. They generally believe that it is determined by a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors, and is shaped at an early age. It was similar in Europe not too long ago. [149] According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists "This unfortunate history demonstrates how marginalisation of a group of people who have a particular personality feature (in this case homosexuality) can lead to harmful medical practice and a basis for discrimination in society. Despite this, conversion therapy is believed to be performed in the country. The word lesbian is derived from the name of the Greek island Lesbos, where the poet Sappho wrote largely about her emotional relationships with young women.[35][36]. [57] The Kama Sutra, written in the 4th century, describes techniques by which homosexuals perform fellatio. Homosexuality was deemed to be a psychiatric disorder for many years, although the studies this theory was based on were later determined to be flawed. So homophobia is present, rampant, and spreading. Oktober luft die 18. Krafft-Ebing's book was so popular among both laymen and doctors that the terms heterosexual and homosexual became the most widely accepted terms for sexual orientation. [18] Many people, despite having same-sex attractions, may be reluctant to identify themselves as gay or bisexual. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni has said it's a "western import.". Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts. [179][180][181][182][183] These terms are often used in medical literature and social research to describe such groups for study, without needing to consider the issues of sexual self-identity. In recent times, Dover's theory suggests that questioned in light of massive evidence of ancient art and love poetry, a more emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to acknowledge. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. [34] The flag is a gay pride symbol that aims to reflect the freedom and diversity of the South African nation and build pride in being an LGBT South African. It is only since the 2010s that census forms and political conditions have facilitated the visibility and enumeration of same-sex relationships.[78]. The anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle. Though slave boys could be bought, free boys had to be courted, and ancient materials suggest that the father also had to consent to the relationship. This made South Africa the fifth country in the world and the first in Africa to legalize same-sex marriage. [47], Despite the decriminalisation of sex between men, the age of consent set by the Sexual Offences Act was 19 for homosexual acts but only 16 for heterosexual acts. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in Egyptian art, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs. [20]:46 Scholar Pan Guangdan () came to the conclusion that many emperors in the Han dynasty had one or more male sex partners. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. [160] A 2009 study also suggested a significant increase in fecundity in the females related to the homosexual people from the maternal line (but not in those related from the paternal one). Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. Generally speaking, sexuality in these cultures is considered a more personal aspect of one's identity than it is in the United States. The Laws of Manu, the foundational work of Hindu law, mentions a "third sex", members of which may engage in nontraditional gender expression and homosexual activities. [10][11][12] There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation. In the kingdom of Dahomey, eunuchs were known as royal wives and played an important part at court. L. Rev. 21 varieties of traditional African homosexuality. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic. [citation needed], The Dagaaba people, who lived in Burkina Faso, believed that homosexual men were able to mediate between the spirit and human worlds. Polski: Homoseksualizm w dawniejszej kulturze zachodu zobacz tu: Homosexuality (pre-modern). In the 18th century, the Khoikhoi people recognised the terms koetsire, which refers to a man who is sexually receptive to another man, and soregus, which refers to same-sex masturbation usually among friends. South Africa, due to its reputation as Africa's most gay-friendly destination, attracts thousands of LGBT tourists annually. [70] Post-Confederation, anal sex and acts of "gross indecency" continued to be criminal offences, but were no longer capital offences. Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from requiring all males to engage in same-sex relationships to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. Such behaviors include sexual activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting,[22] and are widespread; a 1999 review by researcher Bruce Bagemihl shows that homosexual behavior has been documented in about 500 species, ranging from primates to gut worms. In recognition of the scientific evidence,[144] the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973, stating that "homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities." With the outbreak of AIDS in the early 1980s, many LGBT groups and individuals organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach, as well as to demand government support for these programs. Egyptological understandings of homosexuality. Will Roscoe and Stephen O. Murray(Author, Editor, 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154345.html, International Gay and Lesbian Association, UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia, "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition", International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, "How many African states outlaw same-sex relations? Bailey and Zuk also suggest future research needs to look into evolutionary consequences of same-sex sexual behaviour, rather than only looking into origins of such behaviour. Some view same-sex love and sexuality as sacred, and a mythology of same-sex love can be found around the world. The law protects South Africans from labour discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, among other categories. Same-sex couples can also adopt children jointly, and also arrange IVF and surrogacy treatments. [33][citation needed] Similarly, some recommend completely avoiding usage of homosexual as it has a negative, clinical history and because the word only refers to one's sexual behavior (as opposed to romantic feelings) and thus it has a negative connotation. However, except in unusual cases, such as Emperor Ai, the men named for their homosexual relationships in the official histories appear to have had active heterosexual lives as well. Einsame Landwirte suchen hierbei mit der Hilfe von Moderatorin Inka Bause nach ihrer groen Liebe. [11][12][13] A 1969 amendment to the Immorality Act prohibited men from engaging in any erotic conduct when there were more than two people present. [25], Similarly, in Thailand, kathoey, or "ladyboys," have been a feature of Thai society for many centuries, and Thai kings had male as well as female lovers. The first letters are frequently combined to create the initialism LGBT (sometimes written as GLBT), in which B and T refer to bisexual and transgender people. The 'homosexuality is un-African' myth is anchored on an old practice of selectively invoking African culture by those in power. Cameroonians enter US visa lottery to escape hardships, Bali lures digital nomads despite controversy. Hidden in History: Female Homoeroticism and Women of a "Third Nature" in the South Asian Past, Journal of the History of Sexuality 10.1 (2001), p.4, Nahavandi and Bomati, illustration opposite p.162, Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11, The Nature of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004, Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013. [75][76] It was also ranked first in Asher & Lyric's LGBTQ+ Danger Index in a 2021 update.[77]. [13] The World Health Organization's ICD-9 (1977) listed homosexuality as a mental illness; it was removed from the ICD-10, endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990. Homophobia in Africa is on the rise at a time when it is decreasing globally. ", "1ST PRETORIA PRIDE DETAILS ANNOUNCED - MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online", "Student Travel Information & Discounts - Events: Gay & Lesbian Events", "Mambaonline - South Africa's most stylish gay lifestyle portal", "Khaya Dladla has recovered from Covid 19", "Somizi and Mohale's 'The Union' breaks viewing records on Showmax", "What a hit! [61] Other scholars disagree and interpret the scenes as an evidence that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep were twins, even possibly conjoined twins. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death. 48% of students in public schools reported being bullied weekly. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church plays a significant role in maintaining society against homosexuality, and some members form anti-gay movements. Conversely, some African states like Lesotho, So Tom and Prncipe, Mozambique, the Seychelles, Angola, and Botswana have abolished sodomy laws in recent years. Prominent religious leaders have voiced their support for the South African LGBT community. Some laws as severe as death penalties and some life in prison. Extensive evidence collected by anthropologists and other scholars shows that same-sex practices and diverse sexualities can be found all over the continent and predate colonization. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. Others have likened it to the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. In 1994, during his inauguration speech as president, Nelson Mandela stated the following:[29]. Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. On 8 May 1998, in the case of National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice, the Witwatersrand Local Division of the High Court ruled that the common-law crimes of sodomy and "commission of an unnatural sexual act", as well as Section 20A of the Sexual Offences Act, were unconstitutional. <, Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11, Penrose, Walter (2001). On 4 August 1997, in the case of S v Kampher, the Cape Provincial Division of the High Court ruled that the common-law crime of sodomy was incompatible with the constitutional rights to equality and privacy, and that it had ceased to exist as an offence when the Interim Constitution came into force on 27 April 1994. [6][7][9] Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, scientists favor biologically based theories. Homosexuality has never been criminalised in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda. [92][93], Despite the occasional incidents of homophobia, gay people in major urban areas, such as Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban and Cape Town, are fairly accepted, and all of these cities have a thriving gay nightlife. There have also been a number of LGBT politicians in the Parliament of South Africa and cabinet: Lynne Brown as Minister for Public Entreprises in Jacob Zuma's Cabinet (and also served as interim Premier of the Western Cape in 2008-2009), Zakhele Mbhele as Shadow Minister of Police, Mike Waters as the Opposition's Deputy Chief Whip from 2014 to 2019, MP Marius Redelinghuys and Ian Ollis as Shadow Minister of Labour from 2014 to 2017. [29], The former president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, was uncompromising in his opposition to LGBT rights in Zimbabwe. Multiple soap operas showcase/have showcased LGBT life, some of the more notable have been the long-running and now cancelled soap opera Egoli which featured a long-term gay relationship.[101]. 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