The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. [571] Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,[572] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [95] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful. [562], Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. 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Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. . . [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. [520] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. [176] Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. [166] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" ( ), 1825. BBC. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. [646] The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[647] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. [355] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[356] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. [503] The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. Learn how and when to remove this template message, seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers, Geographical distribution of Russian speakers, seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of official languages by institution, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Organization for Standardization, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language, "The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. 2017. [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). [citation needed]. [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. ", " 24 April 1990 ", " "". [632][633] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [68], The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous famine of 16011603, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. following the division of the land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Poland in the west and independent Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics plus numerous small duchies (which came to be vassals of the Tatars) in the east. 1. Language size", " . [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. [253] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. [17] However, the proper name[which?] [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. 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