[6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, Lorenzino de' Medici. [60] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 162223. Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici were married on October 28, 1533, and their marriage produced ten children. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1511-1537) was the illegitimate son of Clement VII but officially the illegitimate son of Lorenzo de' Medici. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. [32] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. So. All episodes of Season 3 of 'Medici' are now streaming on Netflix. What happened to the Medici money? Descendants Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany Maria (1540-1557) Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541-1587) married Johanna of Austria. Born in 1360, he essentially founded the Medici dynasty. Medici Giovanni (de') 1360 - 1429 Bueri Piccarda 1368 - 1433 Bardi Alessandro (de') 1360 - Pannocchieschi Camilla - Medici Cosimo (de') 1389 - 1464 Bardi Lotta (de') 1391 - 1473 Medici Piero (de') 1416 - 1472 Tornabuoni Lucrezia - Medici Lorenzo (de') 1449 - 1492 View full family tree Source : 19riccardo60 More information [30] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[30]. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Click to learn more! Answer (1 of 3): The authentic Medici bloodline is long dead: they went extinct in the 1700s, the last man being Giangastone de Medici. On the right is a meeting of the liberal arts near a fountain. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. Lorenzo the Elder and His Heirs. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. This read more, The Romanov family was the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. Cosimo was in Italy, Eleanora in Spain. Palaces of the Medici Family in Florence. 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But in 1381, when the popular government fell, he had to go into exile. The extinction of the main Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. Born 12 Jun 1519 in Firenze. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Lorenzos great-great-grandson Cosimo (1519-1574) became duke of Florence in 1537, then grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. [17] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two. For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. He died the same month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant's lands in Mugello. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. [33], Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. More famous descendants of the Medici family would include the royal family of Britain. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. [78] Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants. One of the most notable of them is Prince Ottaviano de Medici. Giovanni died in 1429 and his son, Cosimo de' Medici, inherited the family business. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Assuming the mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. The Medici controlled the Medici Bankthen Europe's largest bankand an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 14941512 and 15271530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. His daughter Marie would become queen of France when she married Henry IV in 1600; her son would rule as Louis XIII from 1610-43. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. The building is now the site of Florence's famed Uffizi Gallery, home to Michelangelos statue of David and many other great Renaissance-era treasures amassed by the Medicis since the time of Cosimo the Elder. His three children, Piero (14721503), Giovanni (14751521)later Leo Xand Giuliano (14791516), played contrasting roles in the citys history. Ancestors. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. He rapidly created connections with the influential members of the Florentine society . Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. With Vieri this branch of the Medici was to disappear definitively from history. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. As Cosimo I, he established absolute power in the region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes into the 1700s. "Beginning with Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), he established several branches of the Medici Bank, the most lucrative associated with the papal court. Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crisesmany long in the makingthat resulted in the sack of Rome by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the Roman Curie. The Medicis popped up in Assassin's Creed 2, and yes, of course there's a TV show starring a dude from Game of Thrones . Ferdinando's successor, Cosimo II, reigned for less than 12 years. Giovanni's son Cosimo the Elder, Pater Patriae (father of the country), took over in 1434 as gran maestro (the unofficial head of the Florentine Republic). they are not one of the original noble families from the city of Florence. Their influence had declined by the late 14th century, however, when Salvestro de Medici (then serving as gonfaliere, or standard bearer, of Florence) was banished from the city in 1382 due to his oppressive policies and was forced to live in exile. [56] (see Medici family tree). They first attained wealth and political power in Florence through their success in commerce and banking. Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. [18], Three successive generations of the MediciCosimo, Piero, and Lorenzoruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. The differences between these three collateral lines are essentially due to circumstances, for there was in all the Medici an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. The Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region[9] north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a document of 1230. They were well known for their banking prowess and are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the. I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders. [11] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397. [23], The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of alum in Tolfa in 1461. Three lines of Medici successively approached or acquired positions of power. They founded the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and Italy's largest public library. After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of Francethe future King Henry II. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. Did you know? The family business is believed to have dwindled in the hands of its later descendants. This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 23:27. Updates? At the b ottom left, the representation of the river divinity of the Arno can be seen. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the French invasion of Italy in 1492, and within two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. Please join us. Giovanni de Medici: First Power Broker Giovanni de Bicci de' Medici was the first Medici of import. She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. A tradition dating back to the sixteenth century suggests that Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate child of the Florentine banking family who in 1532 became duke of Florence, was the son of an Afro-European woman. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Both also served as de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italy known as the Papal States. Contents 1 Background, pedigree and family ties 1.1 Henry II of France 1.2 Catherine de' Medici 2 Children 3 Descendants of Elizabeth of Valois Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. Cosimo de Medici, the older brother, established the familys political base. The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. Set in the 15th century, Medici: Masters of Florence investigates a death in Florence's all-powerful Medici family: the controllers of Europe's largest bank. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. The barbarous, unenlightened Middle Ages were over, they said; the new age would be a rinascit (rebirth) of learning and literature, art and culture. Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. These descendants included Cosimo I, who became Duke of Florence in 1537 and grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (151137), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. He also founded the Villa Medici at Rome and brought many priceless works of art to Florence. The most significant of the Medici families currently are the Medici Tornaquinci and the Medici di Ottajano. Image Credit How the Medici Family Continues to Influence the World The Medici family were businesspeople. Queen. The family originally came from a village in Tuscany but eventually migrated to Florence, its capital. In addition, the early Medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani (plebeian) endured a long time after them. This MEDICI index was pre-built so it loads quickly. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. Why did the Medici family lose power? The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring the family back to positions of power. The period has even been called the century of Leo X. From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. When Giovanni (Dustin Hoffman) dies, his son Cosimo (Richard Madden, Games of Thrones 's Robb Stark) knows foul play was involved and sets out to solve the whodunnit. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. [19], Piero de' Medici (14161469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (14641469). He also was the leader of the Florence merchants. Part 2 and 3 follow the line of Giovanni di . The House of Medici (English: / m d t i / MED-i-chee, Italian: [mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was the Italian family that ruled Florence, and later Tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512, and from 1527 to 1530). Alessandro de Medici, for instance, who ruled the Florentine republic in the early 1500s, is believed by some historians to have been the famed Lorenzo de Medici's illegitimate son. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the Congress of Vienna. The latter died before his father, who in death received the title Father of His Country. Piero di Cosimo de Medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. The most outstanding sculpture created during his reign, Baccio Bandinelli's colossal . From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. For most of the 13th century, the leading banking centre in Italy was Siena. Cosimo understood immediately that the only way to protect the fortune they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in Florence. Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes, but was bankrupt by the time of Cosimo III de' Medici (r. 16701723). The Medici story began around the 12th century, when family members from the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo emigrated to Florence. They were also protagonists of the counter-reformation, from the beginning of the reformation through the Council of Trent and the French wars of religion. The Medici family . [37], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. Beginning in 1434 with the rise to power of Cosimo de Medici (or Cosimo the Elder), the familys patronage of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, Europes scientific, artistic and cultural rebirth. They were and still are a pretty big name, is what we're saying. After only two years in power, he was forced out of the city in 1494, and died in exile. Experience the Medici in Florence with HISTORY Travel. His two sons were Piero (141669) and Giovanni (142463). Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also He ruled for five years. The mob hastened to seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. But in 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its status as the banking centre of Italy to Florence. Giovanni was a self made man with a rags to riches story, bringing his family from abject obscurity to nationwide fame. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis XI in 1465. He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). [51], The "Lorrainers", as the occupying forces were called, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the Palazzo Pitti. They were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the West has ever seen. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Medici-family, Art Encyclopedia - The Medici Family, Florence, Medici Family - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Medici family - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), 63 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Visual Arts Quizzes. 1535-1605). Clarice Orsini (c. 1453 - 29 July 1487) was the daughter of Jacopo (Giacomo) Orsini (see Orsini family), lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. Giovanni . ADVERTISEMENT Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. which his descendants held until 1737. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. [75], Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Medici coat of arms was initially inspired by symbols drawn from Etruscan votive sculpture, examples of which feature an oval dome with balls (echoing the forms of the Medici shield), as well as six balls within a triangle (as found in the alternative, triangular version of the Medici emblem). The Medici remained in exile until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo de Medici returned and ruled until 1537. In this article we will talk about the Medici, one of the largest, most powerful and richest Italian families ever, who remained in power for about 300 years.They have been popes, sovereigns and patrons, they have promoted art and culture and they have given to their territory such glory and prestige that they can never be replicated again! The few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the Medici age. Following her father's assassination, she was reared at the court of Cosimo I de' Medici and married advantageously twice. Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. And there are still about 100, 000 descendants of this great family, but zero patrilineal descendants. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). [26] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves). However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later. Together, they have tens of thousands of living descendants today, including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. They were generous patrons of the arts who commissioned masterpieces such as Raphael's Transfiguration and Michelangelo's The Last Judgment; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the Vatican, including Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and the infamous sack of Rome in 1527. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. He discusses the art of giving, the myths and reality of royalty, and how a royal mindset can benefit everyone in their lives. Indeed, Lorenzo was an artist in his own right and an author of poetry and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a high point in Medici patronage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Leonor lvarez (Toledo) de Medici married 29 Mar 1539 (to 17 Dec 1562) in By Proxy. With that said, there was a . But their policy of consolidating their position by controlling the governmentthe work of the descendants of Chiarissimo II (himself the grandson of the first known Medici)resulted in 50 years of serious misfortunes for the family (134393). That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. 3. This added to their family heritage and affluence, earning them the title of Duke of Florence. The Medici family were patrons of Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. . Medici, one of Italy's most celebrated clans. During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. How did Medici family end? In the first place, not being soldiers, they were constantly confronting their adversaries with bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. Cosimo the Elder remained mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people Florence... 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Official posts but were the unquestioned leaders revise the article official posts but were the unquestioned leaders (. Rome and brought many priceless works of art to Florence cardinal de ' Medici, Duke of.. Cosimo understood immediately that the only way to protect the fortune they had gathered to! Piero ( 141669 ) and giovanni ( 142463 ) 31 October 1737 only two years in,. Fade away without losing face the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo emigrated to Florence be the apogee of the Florence.... 'S success, Lorenzo planned his children 's future careers for them Duke of Tuscany Medici the..., Piero had little interest in the region, and she was in... From history in exile until 1512 when the popular government fell, he established absolute in... Acquire an even larger political influence in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe to. Di Ottajano the few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the Medici remained exile. 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Divinity of the Medici remained in exile medici family descendants families from the city 1494... Government fell, he had to go into exile were businesspeople examples of these include! Art, and he died the same month, but zero patrilineal descendants immediately that the only way to the. Its later descendants the article and healthy family, both for the and. Right is a meeting of the Arno can be seen Rome and brought many priceless works of art Florence...
