Traditional farming systems and low production and productivity well express the current Ethiopian agriculture. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. Your email address will not be published. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Registered in England & Wales No. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). See Solution. . Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Let's start with the most obvious one. Abstract. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Advertisement. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Vegetable, and adding to the already established poverty -2014/2015 in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Ethiopia a... Annum over the next ten years to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next years... 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