King Henry was informed of this and began to gather troops. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". (4). Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. In June 1487, Simnel landed in Lancashire, supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Edward IVs sister Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and in company with a genuine Yorkist claimant, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, who had abandoned his temporary loyalty to the Tudors. Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten (this was evidently Sir William Darcy, an ally of Kildare, who is known to have been exceptionally tall). The Mystery of the Bermagui Five, (In Pics) Six Abandoned Insane Asylums: Dungeons for the Helpless. Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. Horrox, Rosemary. For there were undoubtedly other individuals with a superior dynastic claim - not only the girl he married, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, but other representatives of the house of York. lambert simnel primary sources. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. (2), Henry's father had been dead for almost three months when he was born. (39), Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. In 1490, Warbeck appeared at the court of Burgundy on the continent, claiming to be Richard the younger of the two princes. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. Henry VII met it at Stoke, near Newark, and was victorious. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. (Answer Commentary). The real Earl of Warwick, long imprisoned in the Tower, was in fact still alive. Lambert Simnel presented Henry VII with the first major challenge of his reign. He was an only child and he had learnt very early to keep his own counsel and to trust no confidant. On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". Read the essential details about Tudor England including biographies, primary sources, events, issues and organizations in Tudor times. He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. She was described as "extremely short, even tiny". Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Citation: C N Trueman "The Lambert Simnel Rebellion". Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. He was lodged in the Castle, every deference was paid to him, and messengers were despatched to the friends of the House of York in England, and to the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, his supposed aunt. (8), When Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. (28)Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. Henry VII The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. (8)Battle of BosworthWhen Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were also concerned about the possible expansionism of France and responded favourably to Henry's suggestion of a possible alliance between the two countries. (40) As a high-born Castilian bride, Catherine remained veiled to both her husband and her father-in-law until after the marriage ceremony. Later he became a falconer for the king, and never showed the slightest inclination to rebel again. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." The Irish, according to the chronicles, "fought boldly and stuck to it valiantly," and it was not until 4,000 had fallen that the Yorkists gave way. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. (61)King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. (35)However, the marriage was not guaranteed. At the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4th May 1471 Margaret of Anjou was captured and her thirteen-year-old son, Edward of Westminster killed. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. "It was said the English vice was overeating, as the German vice was drunkenness and the French vice lechery." They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." (62). Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. Margaret collected 2,000 Flemish mercenaries and shipped them to Ireland under the command of Martin Schwartz, a noted military leader of the time. Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? At that time, Christians believed it was wrong for a man to marry his brother's wife. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt. These plans came to an end when Herbert was executed after the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26th July 1469. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? It is claimed this raised 14,699. (Answer Commentary), Anne Boleyn - Religious Reformer (Answer Commentary), Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? Simond alleged, that having rescued the child from death, he had brought him to a land known to be specially attached to the cause of the White Rose, and relied that the Yorkists of Ireland would vindicate the rights of a boy whose deceased father, the Duke of Clarence, had been born amongst them in Dublin Castle. Those nobles who had supported Lincoln were not as generously treated. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." Thanks to existing plans to invade Ireland he was able to react speedily to the invasion and had begun mustering troops as early as February. (5)King Louis XI of France agreed to Edward's request to try and capture Henry. By February 1487 Lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the young son of Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence. Earl Lincoln sailed from the Netherlands to Dublin, with some 2000 mercenaries supplied by Margaret. Yet Henry was generous to Lambert Simnel and, at first, to Perkin Warbeck, although ruthless and relentless enough in his treatment of Suffolk (the son of Edward IV's sister) who was kept in prison for years after being hunted all over Europe, and of Warwick (son of the Yorkist Duke of Clarence) who was executed after fourteen years in the Tower. In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. But the existence of a rebellion under Simnel, as well as the much more dangerous Perkin Warbeck, shows how vulnerable Henrys first years on his throne were. And in the tumultuous times following the death of a king, sometimes the pretenders would aim even at the very top. The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." (9). He was taught the necessary etiquette and was well educated by Simon. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. Omissions? Two alternative claimants appeared to the throne. There is less surviving ,evidence about the personal character of Henry than there is for the other Tudors. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. Henry had an unusual approach to what was potentially a serious problem. He held the title of "Lord of Ireland" since the 12th century, but effectively governed only an area that was roughly a semi-circle forty miles deep around Dublin.It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. He wished to be remote and incalculable; he wished to be more feared than loved. By the time Henry Tudor reached England the size of his army had grown to 5,000 men. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. The book is also available in Kindle. Congress, Civic Participation, and Primary Sources Projects. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. It was, in the final analysis, an accession secured at the point of the sword he wielded at Bosworth Field. This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. Forced to flee, Warbeck was welcomed by James IV of Scotland. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. (19) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". And, should the young King Henry prove intractable, there were always more pliant contenders for the crown to be found. Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. In 1496 Warbeck and James IV crossed into England. (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness.Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. It was allied to great patience and great industry. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. (Answer Commentary), Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda (Answer Commentary), 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? The gentry, whose numbers and importance in the royal administration were steadily increasing, were close in blood and social assumptions to the aristocracy, and counted themselves among the upper ranks of English society." 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? Dublin, 1865. On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. In 1486, the rumour that the princes in the Tower, Edwards children, were still alive, suggested that Simnel might be passed off as one of them. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jasper Tudor : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Elizabeth of York : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Prince Arthur : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Perkin Warbeck : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Henry VIII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Empson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Katherine of Aragon : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (42) Her naturally pink cheeks and white skin were features that were much admired during the Tudor period. Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. 2009-2021 Historic Mysteries. says the king, "I am a better astrologer than you. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents telling them how happy he was and assuring them he would be "a true and loving husband all of his days". The Duchess sent a force of about 2.000 men, under the command of Martin Swart, a soldier of great experience, who landed at Dublin in May 1487, accompanied by the Earl of Lincoln, Lord Lovel, and other Yorkist refugees from Flanders. He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. And with the royal family in disarray there were many missing nobles with a better claim than Henry. enlisted soldiery from the Munster towns and the Ormond district, where the people were most inimical to the Leinster Geraldines. Over half of Lincolns force was killed. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". He fled to Burgundy, where Warwick's aunt Margaret of York, the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, kept her court. It also enhanced Henrys wealth as all attainted land and estates became the property of the king. She told her father she had managed to buy only two dresses since she came to England from Spain six years earlier.Catherine was kept apart from Prince Henry, complaining in 1507 that she had not seen him for four months, although they were both living in the same palace. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? Symonds, a Yorkist, first decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York, the younger of the two boys but then decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath in Oklahoma Primary Source "Guymon Prepares to Shame . (47)On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. Richard's usurpation split the Yorkist party down the middle and transformed Henry Tudor's position. Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 - after 1534) was a pretender to the throne of England. Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of York's claim to the throne. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. Nor is it quite certain that it was not Henry who killed the Princes in the Tower. Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. The Japanese I-400: An Underwater Aircraft Carrier? Simnel, a mere pawn, was pardoned and set to work as a scullion in the royal kitchens. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. vi. An American widows account of her travels in Ireland in 184445 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. Not knowing how many of the nobles supported Lincoln, Henry pardoned known rebels such as Thomas Broughton. (59)Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Read 3. The battle lasted for three hours. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. (35). Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? The direct Plantagenet line was finished; though insecure until the end of the century, Henry consolidated his success Henry Tudor he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and he became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. Richards faction, the Yorkists, remained undefeated in spirit and were plotting Henrys overthrow. The locals were suspicious of the Irish soldiers who accompanied Lincoln and did not rally to his cause. (44)If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. (49) Elizabeth of York told Henry that she was still young enough to have more children. (40) As a high-born Castilian bride, Catherine remained veiled to both her husband and her father-in-law until after the marriage ceremony. Employed in the royal kitchens, the pretender made a modest career for himself, dying soon after 1534. Warbeck was taken to London where he was repeatedly paraded through the city. Henry arrived the next day and took up a position facing Richard. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. It seeks to probe the mysteries surrounding Lambert Simnel . (28), Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. For the first time since the 11th century the realm did not include one French province. 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